The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march, which became known as the "Trail of Tears."
Americanization & assimilation : "Kill the Indian, save the Man"
TIMELINE
1879
First government-run, off-reservation boarding school, the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania, is opened.
1901
The Indian Bureau releases a book recommending a course of study that emphasizes "individualism and self-reliance."
1902
Superintendent of the Indian School at Chamberlain, South Dakota visits President Theodore Roosevelt to address Senate accusations of mismanagement and rampant disease amongst pupils.
1919
Chippewa publication condemns Indian Schools for providing a lower class education to students than public school.
1920
In New Mexico, it is reported that only 7,000 of the 25,581 Native Americans in the state are literate in English.
Three young Lakota Indian boys pictured (left) wearing their tribal clothing upon their arrival at Carlisle, and (right) a short time later wearing their school military-style uniforms, ca. 1900.
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